Pit viper is a venomous snake found in both America and Asia. Although snakes are feared by the masses, they are not as dangerous as you think they are. Most of the snakes are not poisonous and they don’t harm unless they are provoked.
They are quite a majestic creature with varying colors and scales on their elongated, limbless body. The Pit viper belongs to the subfamily Crotalinae.
They are one of the groups that make up the Viperidae family. Pit viper is named after the heat sensing pits on their heads.
What is a Pit Viper?
Pit Vipers are a subfamily of venomous vipers. These reptiles are highly venomous and possess a variety of shapes and sizes. Some of the pit vipers have cryptic coloration and patterns on its body.
Their scales range from black, brown, copper to grey, etc. The largest pit viper can reach up to 12 feet and weigh 9-13 kgs.
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This particular subfamily has a deep pit in the loreal area between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head. These are known as loreal pits.
They are external openings that contains a sensitive detecting organ that allows the snake to find and hunt small warm-blooded animals they prey upon.
Among this subfamily of vipers, pit viper has a unique and specialized muscle called the muscularis pterigoidius glandulae, present in between the venom gland and the head.
When this particular muscle is contracted together with them. compressor glandulae, it forces the venom to spit out of the gland.
Scientific Name
The scientific name for the family of pit vipers is Viperidae, and they belong to the subfamily Crotalinae.
Rank
Pit vipers are classified under the subfamily Crotalinae within the family Viperidae.
Pit Viper Habitat
Pit vipers belong to a versatile subfamily. The different species of the snake prefer different types of habitats. It ranges from deserts to rainforests to mountainous regions. The sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes inhabits in habitats like the desert.
While, the bushmaster, Lachesis muta resides in the rainforests. Normally, the pit vipers are either arboreal or terrestrial. Although, there is one species that is semi-aquatic which is, Agkistrodon piscivorus. Some species also like to live in farms, plantations etc.
Pit Viper Behavior
Pit vipers are mostly nocturnal. Some are diurnal. Species like Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, a bright green pit viper like to avoid the high temperatures of daytime. Although, there are few species of this subfamily of vipers who are highly active during the day.
Most of the species live solitarily outside of the breeding season. Pit vipers are ambush predators, as they wait patiently for their prey. They attack when it’s the least suspecting moment.
For example, Gloydius shedaoensis of China is seen that it selects a particular attacking site and return to it specifically every year during the spring when lots of bird migrate to the place.
However, there are few species of pit vipers like the rattlesnakes that occasionally hibernate during the winter. Though, it’s seen that when the pit vipers are pregnant, they like to bask under the sun.
Some of the species are quite independent and solitary. For example, the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, and the rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus.
Like most snakes, pit vipers are not as dangerous as we make it out to be. They mostly stay by themselves and attack only if they feel threatened.
However, these recent years, the population of pit vipers has lessened due to pollution and the destruction of their habitats. The hunts for their skins by humans have also risked their population too.
Pit Viper Reproduction
Pit vipers are ovoviviparous. That means that the embryos develop inside eggs which reside within the mother’s body until the offspring are ready to hatch. The eggs are laid after it is fully developed and ready to hatch. In this species, the eggshells are very soft.
The offspring can either break it within the reproductive tract, or immediately after getting birth. Some of the species are also oviparous (meaning laying eggs and developing later with the mother’s incubation) are Lachesis, Calloselasma, and Trimeresurus species.
They guard their eggs. Many young pit vipers have bright coloured tails that gives a contrast feature compared to the rest of their bodies. They make worm-like movements with the help of their tails to prey on their food.
This behavior is known as caudal luring. The litter of the young snakes varies according to the species and the mother’s size. Once they are born, they receive no parental care.
Pit Viper Taxonomy
Earlier, the pit vipers were put into a separate family, Crotalidae. Now, they are added to the Viperidae family. The classification of pit vipers are as follows:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Protobothrops
Understanding Pit Vipers: Biology and Characteristics
Pit vipers are characterized by their heat-sensing pits located between the eye and nostril on each side of their head. These pits are highly sensitive to infrared radiation, allowing the snake to detect warm-blooded prey even in total darkness.
They have a wide variety of colors and patterns, which aids in camouflage. Pit vipers include species such as rattlesnakes, copperheads, and bushmasters. They vary in size, with some species reaching over 8 feet in length.
Distribution of Pit Viper
Pit vipers are found in diverse habitats ranging from deserts and rainforests to mountainous regions. Their distribution spans across the Americas, from the southern United States to Central and South America, and in Asia, including parts of India and Southeast Asia.
Each species has adapted to its specific environment, whether it be the dry, rocky terrains of the American Southwest or the dense, humid jungles of the Amazon.
Diet Care of Pit Viper
These snakes are primarily carnivorous, feeding on small mammals, birds, and occasionally other reptiles. They are ambush predators, using their heat-sensing ability to strike with precision.
Pit vipers are generally solitary creatures, coming together only for mating. Some species, like rattlesnakes, are known for their warning rattles, a defensive behavior to deter potential threats.
Pit Viper Venom and Its Effects
Pit viper venom is a complex mixture of enzymes and proteins, with effects ranging from tissue damage to disrupting blood coagulation.
The severity of a bite depends on the species, the amount of venom injected, and the individual’s response to the venom. While their venom is primarily used for subduing prey, it poses a significant risk to humans if bitten.
Pit Viper Conservation and Ecological Role
Despite their fearsome reputation, pit vipers play a crucial role in controlling rodent populations, which can benefit agriculture and reduce the spread of diseases. Many species are facing threats from habitat destruction and persecution due to fear.
Conservation efforts focus on habitat preservation and public education to reduce conflicts between pit vipers and humans.
Lower Classifications
Pit vipers include several genera and species, with notable genera including:
- Crotalus: Rattlesnakes
- Agkistrodon: Copperheads and Cottonmouths
- Bothrops: Lanceheads
- Trimeresurus: Asian pit vipers
- Lachesis: Bushmasters
Length of Pit Viper
Pit vipers vary significantly in length depending on the species:
- Rattlesnakes (Crotalus): Typically 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 1.8 meters)
- Copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix): 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 meters)
- Bushmasters (Lachesis): Up to 12 feet (3.7 meters)
Predators of Pit Viper
Pit vipers have several natural predators, including:
- Birds of Prey: Such as hawks and eagles.
- Mammals: Such as mongooses and wild pigs.
- Other Snakes: Including king snakes and larger viper species.
Venom and Poisonous Nature
How Poisonous is a Viper?
Pit vipers possess potent venom that can cause severe tissue damage, pain, and systemic effects. The venom contains hemotoxins, which destroy red blood cells and disrupt blood clotting.
Harmful Effects
A pit viper bite can result in:
- Severe Pain and Swelling
- Tissue Necrosis
- Internal Bleeding
- Shock
- Organ Failure
Habitat of Pit Viper
Where are Pit Vipers Found?
Pit vipers are found in a variety of habitats across the Americas and Asia, including:
- Forests
- Grasslands
- Deserts
- Swamps
They are adaptable and can thrive in diverse environments.
Reproduction of Pit Viper
Do Vipers Lay Eggs?
Most pit vipers are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. However, some species, like the Bushmasters (Lachesis), are oviparous and lay eggs.
Survival After a Bite
Can a Dog Survive a Viper Bite?
Dogs can survive a pit viper bite with prompt medical treatment, which typically includes antivenom, pain management, and supportive care. Immediate veterinary attention is crucial for a positive outcome.
How Bad is a Viper Bite?
A viper bite can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical attention. The severity depends on factors like the snake species, the amount of venom injected, the bite location, and the victim’s health.
Can You Survive a Pit Viper Bite?
Yes, many people survive pit viper bites, especially with prompt medical treatment. The key to survival is quick access to antivenom and medical care.
What Does a Pit Viper Cause Death?
Death from a pit viper bite can occur due to:
- Severe Hemorrhage
- Respiratory Failure
- Multiple Organ Failure
- Severe Anaphylactic Reaction
Other Interesting Details
Heat-Sensing Pits
Pit vipers are named for the heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils. These pits detect infrared radiation, allowing the snake to locate warm-blooded prey even in complete darkness.
Behavioral Traits
- Ambush Predators: Pit vipers often rely on camouflage and patience, waiting to strike unsuspecting prey.
- Rattling Sound: Rattlesnakes use the characteristic rattling of their tails as a warning to potential threats.
Conservation Status
The conservation status of pit vipers varies by species. Some are listed as endangered due to habitat loss, poaching for the pet trade, and persecution by humans.
Safety Precautions of Pit Viper
If you encounter a pit viper:
- Do Not Approach: Give the snake plenty of space.
- Stay Calm: Move away slowly without making sudden movements.
- Seek Help: If bitten, seek immediate medical attention.
First Aid for Viper Bites
- Keep the Victim Calm: Panic can increase heart rate and spread the venom faster.
- Immobilize the Affected Limb: Keep the limb at or slightly below heart level.
- Avoid Tourniquets and Cutting the Wound: These can cause more harm than good.
- Transport to Medical Facility: Get the victim to a hospital as quickly as possible for antivenom treatment.
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Conclusion
There are about 151 different species of the Pit Viper. They have an immense variety of traits and adaptations, living across America and Eurasia. They are primarily carnivorous and venomous.
Hence, it is not a good idea to try to domesticate it. The species are very much at risk due to human interactions as they hunt it for its skins or for pure fun. It’s best to let the pit vipers live freely in their habitat and not bother it for any reasvipe.
